1865 studies of medicine at the university of Vienna under Brücke; 1867-1868 at Heidelberg under Helmholtz; 1870 Dr.med. and assistant; 1871 Privatdozent; 1875 ausserordentlicher Professor and 1891-1917 ordentlicher Professor of physiology; head of the Physiological Institute at the University of Vienna in succession to Brücke.