1853 medical studies at Königsberg; attendance at Helmholtz' lectures on physiology and general pathology; 20 January 1858 doctoral dissertation entitled De spatii sensu cutis; two years of surgical training under Ernst Wagner; prosector in anatomy at Königsberg under August Müller; 1865 extraordinary professor of anatomy; 1870 professor of physiology at Halle in succession to A. W. Volkmann; 1872 at the University of Strasbourg; 1888 rector at Strasbourg.
