1832 apprenticeship at the hospital in Birmingham (under the surgeon W. A. Betts); 1837 studied at the medicinal department, King's College, London; 1838 prosector to Richard Bentley Todd; 1839 junior demonstrator of anatomy; 1840 assistant physician at King's College hospital; 1842 was awarded the royal medal in physiology; 1848-1856 professor of physiology at King's College; 1856-1870 worked as a surgeon, King's College hospital; 1877 vice president of the royal ophthalmic hospital; 1884 fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.
