1860 studies of medicine at the University of Königsberg; military service at Bonn; 1862 studies at Jena under Haeckel; 1863 studies of natural sciences and zoology at the University of Berlin: 1865 Dr.phil. from the University of Breslau under E. Grube with a dissertation entitled Quaedam de anatomia Hemipterorum; 1868 Habilitation from the University of Jena; 1868 travel to Messina, Sicily; 1817 permanent residence in Naples; 1874 Naples Zoological Station opened.
