Medical education through his brother; attended some lectures at the University of Edinburgh; 1799 approval as a medical doctor by the Royal College of Surgeons; worked at the Royal Hospital Edinburgh until the faculty of medicine objected; 1804 founder of a school for anatomy; 1812-25 director of the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy; 1828 co-founder of the Middlesex Hospital Medical School; 1836 professor of surgery at the University of Edinburgh.
