Medical degree from the University of Dorpat; 1866 work at the institute of experimental pharmacology under Rudolf Buchheim; dissertation on the measurement of chloroform in blood; 1868 assistant professor in pharmacology; 1869 chair of experimental pharmacology at the University of Dorpat in succession to Buchheim; 1871 work in Carl Ludwigs's institute of physiology at Leipzig; 1872 chair of pharmacology at the University of Strassburg; 1887 institute of pharmacology opended; foundation of the Archiv für experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie with Bernard Naunyn and Edwin Klebs; 1918 resigned his position at the institute and moved to Baden-Baden.
