Examination as a secondary school teacher passed; studies of medicine at Berlin and at Marburg; 1848 prosector at Marburg under L. Fick and assistant to C. Ludwig; 1850 prosector and physiological assistant to Th. L. W. Bischoff at Gießen; Habilitation from the University of Gießen; 1855-1891 associate professor of physiology and anatomy at Gießen; 1858-1888 editor of Beiträge zur Anatomie and Physiologie.
